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For Russian painting the 19 th century was characterized by realism and romanticism. However, the method officially recognized in Russia at that time was classicism. Imperial Academy of Arts vigilantly controlled all creative processes taking place in Russian art and was very conservative institution, and therefore demanded from the artists strict adherence to the rules of classicism and strongly recommended to create paintings on mythological and biblical subjects. Quite naturally, the young Russian talents were not satisfied with the academic framework, and to move away from them, are increasingly turning to the genre of portraiture and landscape. Thus, rejecting strict principles of classicism, Russian artists were able to discover the variety of the world and its uniqueness. New developments were reflected not only in portraits and landscapes, but have excellent ground for genre that has become foremost among the masters who worked in the second half of the century.
The historical genre was still in first place and officially entered into the classical framework, but there is the subtext of pictures it was possible to read a romantic thoughts, overwhelmed by Russian artists. Among the most prominent representatives of Romanticism first half of 19 century-On. Kiprenskiy, V. Tropinin, K. Bryullov, A. Ivanov and others.
In realistic works of these and many other Russian artists of the era reflected the ideological quests that take place in Russia in anticipation of future changes. Among Russian artists, first applied to the genre, was A. Venetsianov, who dedicated their art picture of peasant life. Despite some sentimentalism of his works, they asserted the dignity of the common man. In the same direction and worked another Russian artist – Fedotov. His paintings are realistic and full of satire, making fun of morals and manners of social elite of Russia. Full flowering of Russian art came in the second half of the 19 century – it was imbued with the pathos of the people's struggle for liberation and is intertwined with life. Realism in painting was firmly confirmed and reflects the aspirations of all people to build a new life based on equality and justice. Academy of Fine Arts did not give up attempts to impose its students of academic ideas, but they could not stop the changes taking place in the painting. As a result, the opposition students academic canons resulted in a 'revolt of fourteen ", which is essentially a waiver of, advocated by the National Academies of ideas. The most striking event in the history of Russian painting 19 century was the creation in the 70-ies' Association art exhibitions. " Its members were Russian artists, the main idea which was independent from the power of art and socializing with people all over Russia. The main theme of their paintings have become household (genre) stories, depicting the real life. V. Perov, G. Myasoedov, S. Korovin, V. Maximov, I. Kramskoy, I. Shishkin, A. , Repin, Levitan, Serov, and many other Russian artists, whose names and works of art became a genuine heritage of Russia, at different times, became members of this organization. Creation artists Wanderers played a huge role in the further development of Russian painting. A peculiar result of all the achievements of Russian painting 19 century was the discovery of two of the greatest museums in Russia – the Russian Museum in Petersburg and the Tretyakov Gallery in Moscow.
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